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Anirudh Sarkar 1, 2, *, †, Mutun Kumar Ghosh 3, †, Tufajal Islam 4, Muhammad Bilal 5, Rakhi Nandi 2, 6, Muhammad Lamyur Rehan 7, Muhammad Nabil Hussain 8, Jewell Rana 9, Subrato Kumar Burman 10 and Jang-Eok Kim 2, *

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Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdycho 4, 60695 Poznan, Poland

Received: 28 August 2022 / Revised: 17 September 2022 / Accepted: 20 September 2022 / Published: 23 September 2022

Food waste management is a critical environmental issue in many developing countries, including Bangladesh, due to unplanned disposal of food waste and lack of dedicated food waste legislation. In these countries, a significant amount of food waste is discarded into the environment instead of being recycled. In Bangladesh, food waste is traditionally used to collect, fill land and feed animals, as there is no assessment mechanism. In addition, food waste and food waste streams from food industries are used for recycling and production of various economically valuable biological compounds. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive literature review on food waste management and assessment options in Bangladesh and discussed the findings in the context of the global situation. The amount of food waste in Bangladesh is high, and it needs to be recycled to promote the circular economy of this developing nation. In this study, various research uncertainties and gaps related to sustainable food waste management in Bangladesh have been revealed, which should be investigated as priority research. In addition, a rational and universally coordinated approach to food waste assessment along with policy advocacy to ensure effective food waste treatment and reuse in Bangladesh is proposed. This is the first and most comprehensive review of current research trends and prospects for sustainable recycling of food waste for a circular economy in Bangladesh.

Food waste (FW) management is considered an important environmental problem in developing Asian countries due to the lack of scientific knowledge and specific legislation for long-term management [ 1 , 2 ]. Due to its favorable climate, Bangladesh is one of the leading vegetable and fruit producing countries in South Asia [3, 4]. However, large quantities of these perishable products are reported to be wasted due to inadequate availability of efficient packaging, processing and transformation techniques [3, 4]. Consequently, unnecessary food loss during production and post-processing is a serious concern in the country. In addition, the management of this huge agricultural waste is a huge burden for this nation in terms of environment and economy [5, 6].

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FW and FW streams are considered as an excellent array of hidden bioactive molecules and bioenergy [1]. Globally, FW streams are converted to bioenergy and used for the production of valuable products through integrated biorefineries [ 7 ]. This integrated food waste assessment approach towards a circular economy is now being practiced as a waste management solution in most developed countries [8, 9]. FW streams have already been reported as a useful input for a circular economy [10], not only as a source of bioenergy, but also as a source of recycled products. In emerging Asian markets, the circular economy can play an important role through FW value, which has yet to be investigated in detail [1, 11]. The global FW dilemma and its long-term management through integrated and novel biorefinery and recovery technologies have been discussed in several reports [12, 13]. However, there is little information on the sustainable recycling potential of FW to produce valuable products in developing Asian countries including Bangladesh.

Several literature reviews indicate that the majority of waste management research and policy legislation in Bangladesh focuses primarily on solid waste (MSW). In addition, the environmental impact of current waste management strategies was also evaluated in some studies [15]. However, urban and municipal waste management appeared to be the focus of research on Bangladesh, leaving the country-wide landscape behind [16, 17]. A large number of reports have been published on the policies and sustainable MSW management of major cities, including some assessment options [18, 19]. Following the trend, some incorporate MSW technology to exploit the solid waste potential in terms of energy and biological production [20, 21]. In addition, for the development of a clean city in Bangladesh, some waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies for biogas, biohydrogen, and other resource recovery have been investigated [22, 23, 24]. Surprisingly, FW and its management have not been independently explored in Bangladesh [2, 4]; In addition, some studies focused on restaurant food waste and marine waste management [6, 25]. It is likely that the assessment of FW and the potential for bioconversion of FW and value-added products from FW streams in Bangladesh is poorly understood. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of FW management and the possibility of using FW materials for a circular economy through sustainable recycling is essential.

Metric tons of FW are produced annually in Bangladesh [2]. Several lines of evidence suggest that FW represent a hidden source of bioactive compounds and bioenergy, which have not yet been properly exploited [ 2 , 4 ]. Considering the world's best practices, there is great potential to explore FW assessment in Bangladesh to promote better resource recovery and circular economy in this developing country [ 10 , 26 , 27 ]. Although several sustainable assessment options for FW management have been documented in several reports, including significant numbers in several Asian countries [7, 28]; Current research in Bangladesh has not been extended towards sustainable FW recycling. A recent policy study in Bangladesh identified a wide range of laws and practices related to FW management, including the lack of a long-term FW management strategy [2]. However, he neglected the possibilities of novel biorefineries and FW evaluation. We therefore conducted an in-depth literature review to critically analyze the current situation followed by a discussion of policy, legislative, and technical options for sustainable FW recycling in Bangladesh. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study to identify current research gaps and opportunities for sustainable FW management, policy implementation and demand for advanced biotechnological approaches in developing Asian countries, specific to Bangladesh. In context.

In some developing countries with agricultural economies, FW management systems are often localized [ 29 ]. Current FW management systems in these countries are poor compared to practices in developed countries, due to environmental and hygiene concerns [ 26 , 30 ]. FW production in low-income Asian countries is estimated at 11 kg per person per year [29]. In emerging Asian economies, FW production rates are affected by several factors, including dietary transition to Western consumption patterns and urbanization, among others [ 31 ]. FW in developing countries is also influenced by increasing economic development and increasing population [ 26 ]. Food spoils easily in the field and before storage or transport. Globally, food losses at the production and distribution stages account for two-thirds of all FW. For example, Indian agriculture produces 28% of the world's bananas, but only 0.3% reaches the global market [32]. According to the FW Index Report 2021, 5.3 billion tons of food are available for food, but about 931 million tons are thrown away. These wastes come from multiple sources, including 13% from retail, 26% from food services, and 61% from residential [ 33 , 34 , 35 ].

April 8, 2021 By The Republican Newspaper Hendricks County

Figure 1a shows the annual food waste rate among households in developing Asian countries

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